Who Invented Makeup Make Up Inventor

History of cosmetics in cultures

The history of cosmetics spans at least 7,000 years and is present in almost every society on earth. Cosmetic body art is argued to have been the earliest form of a ritual in human culture. The evidence for this comes in the form of utilised red mineral pigments (red ochre) including crayons associated with the emergence of Human being sapiens in Africa.^{[ane] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]} Cosmetics are mentioned in the Quondam Testament—2 Kings ix:30 where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and the book of Esther describes various beauty treatments as well.

Cosmetics were also used in ancient Rome, although much of Roman literature suggests that it was frowned upon. It is known that some women in ancient Rome invented brand up including lead-based formulas, to whiten the peel, and kohl to line the eyes.^[7]

Across the globe [edit]

N Africa [edit]

Egypt [edit]

Ane of the earliest cultures to use cosmetics was ancient Arab republic of egypt, where both Egyptian men and women used makeup to raise their appearance. The employ of cosmetics in Ancient Arab republic of egypt is well documented. Kohl has its roots in north Africa. The employ of black kohl eyeliner and eyeshadows in dark colours such equally blue, red, and blackness was common, and was commonly recorded and represented in Egyptian art, every bit well every bit being seen in Egyptian hieroglyphs. Aboriginal Egyptians also extracted red dye from fucus-algin, 0.01% iodine, and some bromine mannite,^{[ vague ]} but this dye resulted in serious illness. Lipsticks with shimmering effects were initially made using a pearlescent substance found in fish scales, which are still used extensively today.^[viii] Despite the chancy nature of some Egyptian cosmetics, ancient Egyptian makeup was also thought to accept antibacterial backdrop that helped prevent infections.^[9] Remedies to treat wrinkles contained ingredients such as gum of frankincense and fresh moringa. For scars and burns, a special ointment was made of red ochre, kohl, and sycamore juice. An alternative treatment was a poultice of carob grounds and dear, or an ointment made of knotgrass and powdered root of wormwood. To meliorate breath the aboriginal Africans chewed herbs or frankincense which is still in use today. Jars of what could be compared with setting lotion have been institute to contain a mixture of beeswax and resin. These doubled equally remedies for bug such as baldness and greying pilus. They besides used these products on their mummies, because they believed that information technology would brand them irresistible in the later life.

Eye East [edit]

Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament, such every bit in 2 Kings ix:30, where the biblical figure Jezebel painted her eyelids (approximately 840 BC). Cosmetics are also mentioned in the volume of Esther, where beauty treatments are described.

Asia [edit]

China [edit]

Flowers play an important decorative role in China. Legend has it that once on the 7th 24-hour interval of the 1st lunar calendar month, while Princess Shouyang, daughter of Emperor Wu of Liu Song, was resting under the eaves of Hanzhang Palace near the plum trees later on wandering in the gardens, a plum flower drifted down onto her fair face, leaving a floral imprint on her forehead that enhanced her beauty farther.^{[10] [11] [12]} The court ladies were said to be so impressed, that they started decorating their ain foreheads with a small delicate plum blossom design.^{[10] [xi] [13]} This is besides the mythical origin of the floral mode, meihua zhuang ^[11] (梅花妝; literally "plum blossom makeup"), that originated in the Southern Dynasties (420–589) and became pop amongst ladies in the Tang (618–907) and Vocal (960–1279) dynasties.^{[13] [14]}

Mongolia [edit]

Women of regal families painted red spots on the eye of their cheeks, right nether their optics. All the same, information technology is a mystery why. They said that red cheeks are a reason of happy queen.^{[ citation needed ]}

Nihon [edit]

A maiko in the Gion district of Kyoto, Japan, in full make-up. The style of the lipstick indicates that she is still new.

In Japan, geisha wore lipstick made of crushed safflower petals to pigment the eyebrows and edges of the eyes likewise as the lips, and sticks of bintsuke wax, a softer version of the sumo wrestlers' hair wax, were used past geisha as a makeup base of operations. Rice pulverization colors the confront and back; rouge contours the heart socket and defines the nose.^{[15] [ unreliable source? ]} Ohaguro (black paint) colours the teeth for the ceremony, called Erikae, when maiko (apprentice geisha) graduate and become independent. The geisha would also sometimes utilize bird droppings to compile a lighter color.

Western asia [edit]

Cosmetics were used in Persia and what today is Iran from ancient periods.^{[ commendation needed ]} Kohl is a black pulverization that is used widely across the Persian Empire. It is used every bit a powder or smeared to darken the edges of the eyelids similar to eyeliner.^[16] After Persian tribes converted to Islam and conquered those areas, in some areas cosmetics were only restricted if they were to disguise the real look in order to mislead or cause uncontrolled desire.^{[ citation needed ]} In Islamic constabulary, despite these requirements, at that place is no absolute prohibition on wearing cosmetics; the cosmetics must not exist made of substances that harm one'southward torso.

An early on instructor in the 10th century was Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, or Abulcasis, who wrote the 24-volume medical encyclopedia Al-Tasrif. A chapter of the 19th book was dedicated to cosmetics. Equally the treatise was translated into Latin, the cosmetic affiliate was used in the West. Al-Zahrawi considered cosmetics a branch of medicine, which he called "Medicine of Beauty" (Adwiyat al-Zinah). He deals with perfumes, scented aromatics and incense. There were perfumed sticks rolled and pressed in special molds, perhaps the primeval antecedents of present-day lipsticks and solid deodorants. He also used oily substances chosen Adhan for medication and beautification.^{[ citation needed ]}

Europe [edit]

Cultures to use cosmetics include the ancient Greeks ^{[5] [6]} and the Romans. In the Roman Empire, the use of cosmetics was mutual amid prostitutes and rich women. Such adornment was sometimes lamented past certain Roman writers, who thought it to be confronting the castitas required of women by what they considered traditional Roman values; and later by Christian writers who expressed similar sentiments in a slightly different context. Pliny the Elder mentioned cosmetics in his Naturalis Historia, and Ovid wrote a book on the topic.

Pale faces were a trend during the European Middle Ages. In the 16th century, women would bleed themselves to achieve pale skin. Castilian prostitutes wore pinkish makeup to dissimilarity pale pare.^{[ commendation needed ]} 13th century Italian women wore red lipstick to bear witness that they were upper course.^[17] Utilize of cosmetics continued in Centre Ages, where the face up was whitened and the cheeks rouged;^[xviii] during the later on 16th century in the Westward, the personal attributes of the women who used makeup created a demand for the product among the upper class.^{[ vague ] [18]} Cosmetics continued to be used in the post-obit centuries, though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout fourth dimension, with the use of cosmetics existence openly frowned upon at many points in Western history. In the 19th century, Queen Victoria publicly declared makeup improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for utilise by actors,^[xix] with many famous actresses of the time, such as Sarah Bernhardt and Lillie Langtry using makeup.

19th-century style ideals of women appearing delicate, feminine and pale were achieved by some through the use of makeup, with some women discreetly using rouge on their cheeks and drops of belladonna to dilate their eyes to appear larger. Though cosmetics were used discreetly by many women, makeup in Western cultures during this time was by and large frowned upon, peculiarly during the 1870s, when Western social etiquette increased in rigidity. Teachers and clergy were specifically forbidden from the utilise of corrective products.

Americas and Commonwealth of australia [edit]

Some Native American tribes painted their faces for ceremonial events or battle.^{[ citation needed ]} Like practices were followed by Aboriginals in Commonwealth of australia.

The examples and perspective in this article bargain primarily with the United States and practice not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this commodity, talk over the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (November 2017) (Acquire how and when to remove this template message)

19th century [edit]

During the late 1800s, the Western cosmetics industry began to grow due to a rising in "visual self-sensation," a shift in the perception of color cosmetics, and improvements in the safety of products.^[20] Prior to the 19th century, limitations in lighting engineering science and access to reflective devices stifled people'southward ability to regularly perceive their appearance. This, in turn, limited the need for a cosmetic market and resulted in individuals creating and applying their own products at home. Several technological advancements in the latter half of the century, including the innovation of mirrors, commercial photography, marketing and electricity in the domicile and in public, increased consciousness of ane's appearance and created a demand for cosmetic products that improved 1's prototype.^[20]

Face powders, rouges, lipstick and similar products made from home were found to have toxic ingredients, which deterred customers from their use. Discoveries of not-toxic cosmetic ingredients, such as Henry Tetlow's 1866 use of zinc oxide as a face pulverization, and the distribution of cosmetic products past established companies such as Rimmel, Guerlain, and Hudnut helped popularize cosmetics to the broader public.^[20] Skincare, forth with "face painting" products like powders, besides became in-demand products of the cosmetics manufacture. The mass advertisements of cold cream brands such every bit Pond's through billboards, magazines, and newspapers created a high demand for the product. These advertisement and cosmetic marketing styles were before long replicated in European countries, which further increased the popularity of the advertised products in Europe.^[twenty]

20th century [edit]

Audience applying makeup at lecture past beautician in Los Angeles, c. 1950.

During the early 1900s, makeup was not excessively popular. In fact, women hardly wore makeup at all. Make-upwards at this time was however by and large the territory of prostitutes, those in cabarets and on the black & white screen.^[21] Face up enameling (applying actual pigment to the face up) became pop amongst the rich at this fourth dimension in an attempt to wait paler. This practice was dangerous due to the chief ingredient often being arsenic.^[22] Stake skin was associated with wealth considering it meant that 1 was not out working in the sun and could beget to stay inside all twenty-four hours. Cosmetics were so unpopular that they could not be bought in department stores; they could only be bought at theatrical costume stores. A woman's "makeup routine" often only consisted of using papier poudré, a powdered paper/oil blotting canvass, to whiten the nose in the winter and smooth their cheeks in the summer. Rouge was considered provocative, so was merely seen on "women of the night." Some women used burnt matchsticks to darken eyelashes, and geranium and poppy petals to stain the lips.^[22] Vaseline became high in demand because information technology was used on chapped lips, as a base for hair tonic, and lather.^[22] Toilet waters were introduced in the early 1900s, but merely lavender h2o or refined cologne was admissible for women to vesture.^[23] Cosmetic deodorant was invented in 1888, past an unknown inventor from Philadelphia and was trademarked under the name "Mum". Roll-on deodorant was launched in 1952, and aerosol deodorant in 1965.

Around 1910, make-up became fashionable in the United States of America and Europe owing to the influence of ballet and theatre stars such every bit Mathilde Kschessinska and Sarah Bernhardt. Colored makeup was introduced in Paris upon the arrival of the Russian Ballet in 1910, where ochers and crimsons were the nigh typical shades.^[24] The Daily Mirror beauty volume showed that cosmetics were now acceptable for the literate classes to wear. With that said, men oftentimes saw rouge as a mark of sex and sin, and rouging was considered an access of ugliness. In 1915, a Kansas legislature proposed to brand it a misdemeanor for women under the historic period of 40-four to wear cosmetics "for the purpose of creating a false impression."^[25] The Daily Mirror was 1 of the first to suggest using a pencil line (eyeliner) to elongate the eye and an eyelash curler to accentuate the lashes. Countenance darkener was also presented in this beauty book, created from gum Standard arabic, Indian ink, and rosewater.^[26] George Burchett developed cosmetic tattooing during this time flow. He was able to tattoo on pink blushes, blood-red lips, and dark eyebrows. He also was able to tattoo men disfigured in the First Globe State of war by inserting pare tones in damaged faces and by covering scars with colors more pleasing to the heart.^[27] Max Factor opened up a professional makeup studio for stage and screen actors in Los Angeles in 1909.^[28] Even though his store was intended for actors, ordinary women came in to purchase theatrical eye shadow and eyebrow pencils for their dwelling utilise.

In the 1920s, the film industry in Hollywood had the most influential impact on cosmetics. Stars such equally Theda Bara had a substantial effect on the makeup manufacture. Helena Rubinstein was Bara'due south makeup artist; she created mascara for the extra, relying on her experiments with kohl.^[29] Others who saw the opportunity for the mass-market of cosmetics during this fourth dimension were Max Gene, Sr., and Elizabeth Arden. Many of the present day makeup manufacturers were established during the 1920s and 1930s. Lipsticks were one of the most pop cosmetics of this time, more so than rouge and powder, because they were colorful and cheap. In 1915, Maurice Levy invented the metal container for lipstick, which gave license to its mass production.^[30] The Flapper mode also influenced the cosmetics of the 1920s, which embraced night optics, red lipstick, carmine nail smooth, and the suntan, invented as a fashion statement past Coco Chanel. The eyebrow pencil became vastly pop in the 1920s, in part because information technology was technologically superior to what it had been, due to a new ingredient: hydrogenated cottonseed oil (besides the fundamental elective of another wonder product of that era Crisco Oil).^[31] The early commercial mascaras, like Maybelline, were just pressed cakes containing lather and pigments. A woman would dip a tiny castor into hot h2o, rub the beard on the cake, remove the excess by rolling the brush onto some blotting paper or a sponge, and and then apply the mascara as if her eyelashes were a watercolor canvass.^[31] Eugène Schueller, founder of 50'Oréal, invented modern synthetic hair dye in 1907 and he likewise invented sunscreen in 1936.^[32] The first patent for a nail polish was granted in 1919. Its colour was a very faint pink. It's non clear how dark this rose was, simply whatever girl whose nails were tipped in any pink darker than a baby's blush risked gossip about existence "fast."^[31] Previously, only agricultural workers had sported suntans, while fashionable women kept their skins equally pale as possible. In the wake of Chanel'due south adoption of the suntan, dozens of new faux tan products were produced to aid both men and women achieve the "lord's day-kissed" look. In Asia, skin whitening connected to represent the ideal of dazzler, equally it does to this twenty-four hours.

In the time catamenia after the First World State of war, there was a boom in cosmetic surgery. During the 1920s and 1930s, facial configuration and social identity dominated a plastic surgeon's globe. Face up-lifts were performed as early on as 1920, merely information technology wasn't until the 1960s when cosmetic surgery was used to reduce the signs of aging.^[33] During the twentieth century, cosmetic surgery mainly revolved around women. Men only participated in the practice if they had been disfigured by the war. Silicone implants were introduced in 1962. In the 1980s, the American Guild of Plastic Surgeons fabricated efforts to increment public awareness about plastic surgery. As a result, in 1982, the The states Supreme Court granted physicians the legal right to advertise their procedures.^[34] The optimistic and simplified nature of narrative advertisements often made the surgeries seem chance-free, fifty-fifty though they were anything only. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery reported that more than ii million Americans elected to undergo corrective procedures, both surgical and non-surgical, in 1998, liposuction beingness the most popular. Breast augmentations ranked second, while numbers three, four, and five went to eye surgery, face-lifts, and chemical peels.^[33]

During the 1920s, numerous African Americans participated in peel bleaching in an attempt to lighten their complexion as well as pilus straightening to appear whiter. Pare bleaches and pilus straighteners created fortunes worth millions and accounted for a massive thirty to fifty percent of all advertisements in the blackness press of the decade.^[35] Oftentimes, these bleaches and straighteners were created and marketed by African American women themselves. Skin bleaches independent caustic chemicals such as hydroquinone, which suppressed the production of melanin in the skin. These bleaches could crusade severe dermatitis and even death in high dosages. Many times these regimens were used daily, increasing an individual'southward risk. In the 1970s, at least five companies started producing make-upward for African American women. Before the 1970s, makeup shades for Black women were limited. Confront makeup and lipstick did not work for dark skin types considering they were created for pale skin tones. These cosmetics that were created for stake pare tones just fabricated night skin announced grayness. Somewhen, makeup companies created makeup that worked for richer skin tones, such as foundations and powders that provided a natural friction match. Popular companies like Astarté, Afram, Libra, Flori Roberts and Manner Fair priced the cosmetics reasonably due to the fact that they wanted to reach out to the masses.^[36]

From 1939 to 1945, during the Second World War, cosmetics were in short supply.^[37] Petroleum and alcohol, basic ingredients of many cosmetics, were diverted into war supply. Ironically, at this fourth dimension when they were restricted, lipstick, powder, and confront cream were most desirable and most experimentation was carried out for the mail service war flow. Cosmetic developers realized that the war would result in a phenomenal boom after, then they began preparing. Yardley, Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and the French manufacturing company became associated with "quality" after the war because they were the oldest established. Pond's had this aforementioned appeal in the lower price range. Gala cosmetics were one of the first to requite its products fantasy names, such as the lipsticks in "lantern red" and "sea coral."^[38]

During the 1960s and 1970s, many women in the western world influenced past feminism decided to go without any cosmetics. In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Liberty Trash Can." This included cosmetics,^[39] which were among items the protestors called "instruments of female torture"^[40] and accouterments of what they perceived to be enforced femininity.

Cosmetics in the 1970s were divided into a "natural await" for day and a more sexualized image for evening. Non-allergic makeup appeared when the bare face up was in mode as women became more than interested in the chemic value of their makeup.^[41] Modern developments in technology, such as the Loftier-shear mixer facilitated the production of cosmetics which were more natural looking and had greater staying power in vesture than their predecessors.^[42] The prime cosmetic of the fourth dimension was eye shadow, though; women too were interested in new lipstick colors such as lilac, dark-green, and silver.^[43] These lipsticks were often mixed with stake pinks and whites, and so women could create their ain private shades. "Blush-ons" came into the market place in this decade, with Revlon giving them broad publicity.^[43] This production was applied to the brow, lower cheeks, and chin. Contouring and highlighting the confront with white eye shadow cream likewise became popular. Avon introduced the lady saleswoman.^[44] In fact, the whole cosmetic industry in general opened opportunities for women in business concern equally entrepreneurs, inventors, manufacturers, distributors, and promoters.^[45]

21st century [edit]

Beauty products are now widely available from dedicated net-only retailers,^[46] who have more than recently been joined online by established outlets, including major section stores and traditional brick-and-mortar beauty retailers.

Like most industries, cosmetic companies resist regulation by regime agencies. In the U.S., the Food and Drug Assistants (FDA) does not corroborate or review cosmetics, although information technology does regulate the colors that tin be used in hair dyes. Cosmetic companies are non required to study injuries resulting from employ of their products.^[47]

Although modern makeup has been used mainly by women traditionally, gradually an increasing number of males are using cosmetics commonly associated to women to enhance their own facial features. Concealer is commonly used past cosmetic-conscious men. Cosmetics brands are releasing cosmetic products especially tailored for men, and men are using such products more commonly.^[48] There is some controversy over this, still, as many experience that men who wear makeup are neglecting traditional gender roles, and do not view men wearing cosmetics in a positive calorie-free. Others, however, view this as a sign of increasing gender equality and feel that men also accept the correct to heighten their facial features with cosmetics if women do.

Today the market of cosmetics has a different dynamic compared to the 20th century. Some countries are driving this economy:

• Nippon: Nihon is the second largest marketplace in the world. Regarding the growth of this market, cosmetics in Japan have entered a period of stability. Nevertheless, the market situation is apace irresolute. At present consumers can access a lot of information on the Net and choose many alternatives, opening up many opportunities for newcomers entering the market, looking for chances to run across the various needs of consumers. The size of the cosmetics market for 2010 was 2286 billion yen on the ground of the value of shipments past brand manufacturer. With a growth rate of 0.1%, the market was most unchanged from the previous year.^[49]
• Russia: One of the most interesting emerging markets, the 5th largest in the world in 2012, the Russian perfumery and cosmetics market has shown the highest growth of 21% since 2004, reaching United states of america$thirteen.v billion.^{[ commendation needed ]}

With the imposition of lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent wariness to return to salons, trends that imitate salon procedures started to emerge, such as more complicated habitation peel-care regimens, hair color preserving products, and beauty tools.^[fifty] Early in the pandemic, sales on makeup essentials, like foundation and lipstick, decreased by up to seventy% because of quarantining and face-covering mandates.^[51]

See also [edit]

• Cosmetics
• Female cosmetic coalitions
• Ochre
• Prehistoric fine art
• Symbolic civilisation
• Blombos Cave

References [edit]

1. ^ Power, Camilla (2010). "Cosmetics, identity and consciousness". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 17 (7–8): 73–94.
2. ^ Ability, Camilla (2004). "Women in Prehistoric Art". In Berghaus, Grand. (ed.). New Perspectives in Prehistoric Fine art. Westport, CT & London: Praeger. pp. 75–104.
3. ^ Watts, Ian (2009). "Cherry-red ochre, trunk painting and language: interpreting the Blombos ochre". In Botha, Rudolf; Knight, Chris (eds.). The Cradle of Language. OUP Oxford. pp. 62–92. ISBN978-0-xix-156767-4.
4. ^ Watts, Ian (1 September 2010). "The pigments from Pinnacle Point Cave 13B, Western Cape, Southward Africa". Periodical of Human Evolution. 59 (iii): 392–411. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.006. PMID 20934093.
5. ^ ^{a b} Adkins, Lesley & Adkins, Roy A. (1998). Handbook to life in Aboriginal Greece. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19512-491-0. ^{[ folio needed ]}
6. ^ ^{a b} Burlando, Bruno; Verotta, Luisella; Cornararara, Laura & Bottini-Massa, Elisa (2010). Herbal Principles in Cosmetics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Printing. ISBN978-ane-43981-213-six.
7. ^ Olson, Kelly (2009). "Cosmetics in Roman Antiquity: Substance, Remedy, Poison". Classical World. 102 (3): 291–310. doi:10.1353/clw.0.0098. JSTOR 40599851. Project MUSE 266767.
8. ^ Johnson, Rita (1999). "What's That Stuff? Lipstick". Chemical & Engineering science News. 77 (28): 31. doi:10.1021/cen-v077n028.p031.
9. ^ Bhanoo, Sindya North. (18 January 2010). "Ancient Egypt's Toxic Makeup Fought Infection, Researchers Say". The New York Times.
10. ^ ^{a b} Cai, Zong-qi, ed. (2008). How to read Chinese verse: A guided anthology. New York: Columbia University Printing. p. 295. ISBN978-0-231-13941-0.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Wang, Betty. "Blossom deities mark the lunar months with stories of Love & Tragedy". Taiwan Review. Authorities Information Role, Democracy of China. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
12. ^ "Unknown". West & East 中美月刊. Sino-American Cultural and Economic Clan. 36–37: 9. 1991. ISSN 0043-3047. ^{[ dead link ]}
13. ^ ^{a b} Huo, Jianying. "Ancient Cosmetology". China Today . Retrieved 8 October 2011.
14. ^ Mei, Hua (2011). Chinese habiliment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 32. ISBN978-0-521-18689-vi. For example, the Huadian or forehead decoration was said to have originated in the Southward Dynasty, when the Shouyang Princess was taking a walk in the palace in early on spring and a light breeze brought a plum bloom onto her brow. The plum flower for some reason could non be done off or removed in any way. Fortunately, it looked beautiful on her, and all of a sudden became all the rage among the girls of the commoners. It is therefore called the "Shouyang makeup" or the "plum bloom makeup." This makeup was popular amid the women for a long fourth dimension in the Tang and Vocal Dynasties.
15. ^ Graham-Diaz, Naomi (Oct 2001). "Make-Up of Geisha and Maiko". Immortal Geisha. Archived from the original on ix February 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
16. ^ Oumeish, Oumeish Youssef (July 2001). "The cultural and philosophical concepts of cosmetics in dazzler and art through the medical history of flesh". Clinics in Dermatology. 19 (4): 375–386. doi:x.1016/s0738-081x(01)00194-8. PMID 11535377.
17. ^ Madrano, Autumn (1999). "A Colorful History". InFlux. Academy of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication. Archived from the original on 17 Jan 2001. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
18. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, pp. 41–42.
19. ^ Pallingston, Jessica (1998). Lipstick: A Celebration of the World's Favorite Cosmetic. New York City: St. Martin's Printing. ISBN978-0-312-19914-2.
20. ^ ^{a b c d} Jones, Geoffrey (2010). "How Practice I Look?". Beauty Imagined. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 44–63. ISBN978-0-19955-649-6.
21. ^ Sava, Sanda (5 May 2016). "A History of Brand-up & Fashion: 1900-1910". SandaSava.com . Retrieved 19 May 2016.
22. ^ ^{a b c} Angeloglou 1970, p. 113.
23. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 114.
24. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 115.
25. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 55.
26. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 116.
27. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 117.
28. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 58.
29. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 119.
30. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 125.
31. ^ ^{a b c} Riordan, Teresa (2004). Inventing Beauty. New York City: Broadway Books. ISBN978-0-76791-451-two. ^{[ page needed ]}
32. ^ "Eugène Schueller". Fifty'Oréal.
33. ^ ^{a b} Haiken, Elizabeth (2000). "The Making of the Modernistic Face: Corrective Surgery". Social Inquiry. 67 (one): 81–97. JSTOR 40971379. PMID 17099986.
34. ^ Lee, Shu-Yueh; Clark, Naeemah (2014). "The Normalization of Cosmetic Surgery in Women's Magazines from 1960 to 1989". Journal of Magazine Media. xv (1). doi:10.1353/jmm.2014.0014. Projection MUSE 773691.
35. ^ Dorman, Jacob Southward. (ane June 2011). "Peel bleach and civilization: the racial formation of black in 1920s Harlem" (PDF). Journal of Pan African Studies. iv (4): 47–81. Gale A306514735.
36. ^ "Modern Living: Blackness Cosmetics". TIME. 29 June 1970. Retrieved 9 Feb 2010.
37. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 127.
38. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 131.
39. ^ Dow, Bonnie J. (2003). "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. six (i): 127–149. doi:10.1353/rap.2003.0028. S2CID 143094250.
40. ^ Duffett, Judith (October 1968). WLM vs. Miss America. Vox of the Women's Liberation Movement. p. 4.
41. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 138.
42. ^ "Cosmetics and Personal Care Products". Charles Ross & Son Visitor . Retrieved seven June 2009.
43. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, p. 135.
44. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 137.
45. ^ Peiss 1998, p. v.
46. ^ "Lessons from categorising the entire beauty products sector (Office 1)". Beauty Now. 27 September 2009. Archived from the original on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
47. ^ "Cosmetics and your health". Role on Women's Wellness. 4 November 2004.
48. ^ "FDA Potency Over Cosmetics". Center for Food Safety and Practical Nutrition. 3 March 2005. Archived from the original on thirteen May 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
49. ^ ""The Japanese cosmetics market place is actively changing," Hajime Suzuki, Cosme Tokyo". Premium Beauty News.
50. ^ "The beauty trends customers are buying during Covid-19". Vogue Business. x August 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
51. ^ "Sleeping beauty halls: how Covid-19 upended the 'lipstick index'". The Guardian. 18 Dec 2020. Retrieved two April 2022.

Sources [edit]

• Angeloglou, Maggie (1970). The History of Make-up. London, United kingdom: Macmillan. OCLC 615683528.
• Peiss, Kathy Lee (1998). Hope in a Jar: The Making of America's Dazzler Culture. Metropolitan Books. ISBN978-0-8050-5550-4.

External links [edit]

• Forsling, Yvonne. "Regency Cosmetics and Make-Up: Looking Your Best in 1811". Regency England 1790-1830.
• "Naked face project: Women try no-makeup experiment". The states Today. 28 March 2012.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cosmetics

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